MADRIM, MOHD FAIZAL (2021) KAJIAN HUBUNG KAIT URIN KADMIUM DENGAN ALBUMINURIA SERTA FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA DALAM KALANGAN KOMUNITI KEPONG. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
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Abstract
The magnitude of chronic kidney disease is rising globally and environmental pollution is found out to be one of the contributing factors. This study was aimed to study the level of urinary cadmium and its relationship with albuminuria as an early indicator of kidney problems among the community residing in Kepong, Kuala Lumpur. Respondents were recruited from several health related programs organized by the Kepong District Health Office that involved local communities around Kepong from April 2019 to December 2019. Two urine samplings were carried out, urinalysis using Mission reagent strip and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) test to detect the presence and level of urinary cadmium. A total of 240 respondents were successfully recruited in this study. The mean age of the respondents was 41. Among them, 26.7% were hypertensive, 6.7% diabetic and 4.2% had dyslipidemia. 51.7% were found to have urinary cadmium above the alert level (Agency for Toxic and Disease Resgistry (ATSDR) and European Food Safety Agensi (EFSA)) and 27.1% noted to have albuminuria. Bivariate analysis shows that age (x2=15.95, p<0.001), education level (x2=13.86, p<0.001), income category (x2=12.47, p<0.001), hypertension (x2=10.08, p=0.001), diabetes mellitus (x2=10.89, p=0.002) and urinary cadmium (x2=28.66, p<0.001) were significantly associated with albuminuria. Whereas multiple logistic regression analysis shows that those with age ≥60 years old (aOR: 3.53;95% CI=1.41-8.83), without high education background (aOR: 2.18;95% CI=1.14-4.17), with diabetes mellitus (aOR 3.36;95% CI=1.07-10.52) and with high urinary cadmium (aOR: 4.72;95% CI SK=2.33-9.59) were significantly associated with albuminuria. Future screening programs will require greater attention to those at risk and further studies are needed to determine the cause of cadmium exposure.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | Medicine > Public aspects of medicine > Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine |
| Depositing User: | ENCIK SAIFUL FADZLY JAMALUDIN |
| Date Deposited: | 22 Jul 2026 07:27 |
| Last Modified: | 22 Jul 2026 07:27 |
| URI: | https://repositori.mohe.gov.my/id/eprint/366 |
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